<p>The Santa Cruz Catholic Church is a historic church near the Santa Cruz River at 1220 S. Sixth Avenue in Tucson, Arizona. It was designed by Bishop Henry Granjon of Tucson and built between 1916 and 1918. The Santa Cruz Catholic Church, or Santa Cruz for short, is significant for its construction using unstabilized mud-adobe bricks made in the Tohono O&#39;odham Indian Reservation. It is also the largest known mud-adobe building in Arizona, and the only surviving example of a major public building built of adobe. Santa Cruz was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Cruz Catholic Church was built Manuel G. Flores in the Spanish Colonial Revival style with Islamic nuances, including a minaret-like bell tower. The overall plan is that of a long rectangular basilica adjoined by the Convento surrounding a courtyard. All of the building&#39;s masonry is covered with white paint and plaster. The roof is a frame of wooden trusses and decking with a low pitch. The rood is surrounded by a parapet with decorated perforations and piers with baroque finials. A small dome was added to the top of the altar when it was expanded in the 1940s. A continuous choir loft on the eastern side of the building above the entryway creates a sequence of compression at the entry, which opens up into a tall space above the nave. A rectangular skylight on the western side of the building lights up the altar.</p><br>
<p>Santa Cruz&#39;s bells rang for the first time at the end of World War I on November 11, 1918, when Granjon, after hearing about the surrender of Germany, ran to the church, climbed the steps of the tower, and rang the bells to announce Armistice Day to the city. The church, whose name means "Holy Cross" in English, was dedicated just a few months later in February 1919.</p><br>
<p>In November 1924, some Mexican copper miners that were striking for better wages and better hours set some dynamite off inside the church, although nobody was hurt. The strikers, many of whom were veterans of the recently concluded Mexican Revolution and Carmelite exiles, caused a significant amount of damage to some of the buildings trusses, which can still be seen today. Furthermore, the blast was so powerful that it blew the front door of the church off and cracked the buildings plaster walls. Although the trusses have been repaired, to this day only a limited number of people can use the choir loft at one time.</p><br>
<p>Boston Glacier is located in a large cirque below several mountain peaks in North Cascades National Park in the USA state of Washington. The glacier is approximately 1 mi long but nearly 3.5 mi wide and is the largest glacier in North Cascades National Park. Extending in an arc from the north of Forbidden Peak, the glacier is also flanked by Boston Peak to the southwest and Buckner Mountain at its eastern margin. Between Boston Peak and Buckner Mountain, the glacier lies below the arête known as Ripsaw Ridge. Another arete extending between Boston Mountain and Forbidden Peak and further north separate Boston Glacier from the nearly adjoining Quien Sabe and Forbidden Glaciers. Boston Glacier has been in an overall state of retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age around the year 1850. A moderate advance occurred between 1950 and the mid-1970s however the retreat resumed and between the years 1972 and 2006 the glacier terminus retreated 1,470 ft.</p><br>
<p>Augustana Swedish Lutheran Church is a historic church in Claremont, South Dakota. It was built in 1899 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Swedes were among the many European ethnic immigrant groups that came to the Dakotas in the 1880s. Some settled in Brown County, South Dakota, where they soon formed the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Church. A sister congregation began building the church in 1899 and soon after dedicated it in March, 1900. A bell for the belfry was purchased in 1903, and a full basement, coal furnace, and pipe organ were added in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Swedish was the only language used for services until 1925. Other symbols of Swedish-Lutheran ethnicity remain, however, including the raised pulpit and Gothic-style elements such as the tall steeple with a cross at the peak.</p><br>
<p>The Vigna Randanini are Jewish Catacombs between the second and third miles of the Appian Way close to the Christian catacombs of Saint Sebastian, with which they were originally confused. They take their name from the owners of the land when they were first formally discovered and from the fact that the land was used as a vineyard . While Vigna Randanini are just one of the two Jewish catacombs in Rome open to the public, they can only be visited by appointment. They are situated below a restaurant and a private villa and entrance is from the Via Appia Pignatelli side. These catacombs were discovered by accident in 1859, although there is evidence that they had been pillaged before then. They cover an area of 18,000 square metres and the tunnels are around 700 metres long, of which around 400 can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>The synagogue</h2><br>
<p>The entrance reused a pagan building, to which was added a vaulted ceiling and a floor mosaic with black and white tiles. This is thought to have been intended to be used as a synagogue, a hypothesis supported by a well that received drain water from the external mosaic, the existence of two separate units (for men and women), the presence of apses and the mosaic, and the distance of the building from urban areas.</p><br>
<h2>The catacombs</h2><br>
<p>The catacombs, which are on two levels between 5 and 16.3 metres below the surface, were used between the 2nd and 4th centuries, with the maximum number of interments at the end of that period. Several thousand Jews were buried there. The Hypogeum consists of two main galleries, divided into several branches. There are niches carved into stone walls, and cubicles with arcosolia. The tunnels also have “shaped” tombs excavated in the volcanic floor. There are several cubicula, or chapels, which would have been used by families. Many tombs follow the kokhim style, extending perpendicular to the wall of the gallery. Similar examples are found in Palestine and Israel. Some painted cubicles depict flower motifs and animals but also subjects typical of the Jewish faith such as the seven-branch candelabrum. They have an irregular plan and, although joined together, are divided into separate areas. This suggests new land acquisitions and catacomb developments as more and more space was required.</p><br>
<p>The catacombs are unique for the extent of the decoration. Decorations include a winged Victory in position to crown a naked young man, various figures such as peacocks, birds and baskets of flowers, Pegasus, roosters, chickens, peacocks and other birds. Under a figure of Fortuna, there are a hippocampus and two dolphins. These decorations suggest to some researchers that the tunnels had previous pagan occupants and may have been reused by the Jews. Decorations of these and other Jewish catacombs in Rome provide identification of at least eleven ancient synagogues and important information on symbolism and the Jewish iconography, such as the menorah, the lulav, the shofar, and Torah scrolls. About 25-30% of the inscriptions are in Latin or Aramaic. The rest are in Greek, suggesting that language was the language of most use to a large part of the immigrant population.</p><br>
<p>Rockledge, is a historic home located at Occoquan, Prince William County, Virginia, United States, near Washington D.C.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1758 from stone at the request of John Balladine, a wealthy local industrialist. Architect William Buckland worked on this house.</p><br>
<p>The historic marker on the site reads:</p><br>
<p>John Ballendine built this finely proportioned Georgian House, "Rockledge," in c.1760. William Buckland, a premier colonial Chesapeake architect, reportedly designed it. "Rockledge" is a rare example of a Tidewater Virginia stone dwelling. Several entrepreneurs who sought to maximize Occoquan&#39;s potential as a port and industrial town resided there.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Street Arts Center is a historic building at 202 Washington Street in Vermillion, South Dakota. It was originally built as the parish church of St. Agnes Catholic Church and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Catholic church in Vermillion was built in 1885, but was destroyed by a tornado in 1889, replaced with a new structure the following year. By 1900, the community had outgrown that building, and fundraising began for a larger church. Anton Dohmen, a Bavarian immigrant who was architect for many churches in Wisconsin and the Dakotas, designed the new church in the Gothic Revival style. The cornerstone was laid in August 1906, and the new church opened on September 21, 1907. The parish outgrew the church and moved to a new space in 1974, selling the historic church to the Church of the Nazarene, which in turn sold it to the Vermillion Area Arts Council in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Holy Rosary Church is a historic Roman Catholic church building on Minnesota Avenue in Kranzburg, South Dakota. It was built in 1898 and was added to the National Register in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Several construction and restoration projects have been conducted on the church in recent decades. In the early 1990s, the interior of the church was renovated, including the removal of the communion rail and the re-carpeting of the entire church. The exterior of the building received tuck pointing, as well as steeple repair. The early 2000s saw the addition of a new shingle roof over the church and steeple. 2008 brought the arrival of an entire new face-lift of the interior, with insulation added and the painting of the ornate moulding inside the church. Most recently, all of the stained glass windows in the church were removed and subsequently cleaned and put back together in 2015, using new lead framing. A new handicap accessible restroom was also added in 2015, requiring the confessional to be relocated. St. Joseph&#39;s Church at Waverly was a mission of Holy Rosary for many years before its closure.</p><br>
<p>Golden Valley Norwegian Lutheran Church is a historic Norwegian Lutheran church in Ralph, South Dakota. It was built around 1900 in a Rural Gothic style and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the late 1800s and the early 1900s the large Indian Reservation given to the Lakota was reduced in size and opened for settlement by white homesteaders. The Milwaukee Road railroad was being built and many "homesteaders" traveled on it to the northwest South Dakota area.</p><br>
<p>Numerous Norwegian people homesteaded in the area around the years of 1902 through 1910 and there were many ethnic enclaves adjacent to each other, including a Ukrainian settlement and German settlement. Eventually, the Norwegians built a sod church building, and its remains can still be noted along the highway from Reeder, North Dakota (about 12 miles to the south near a prominent curve of the road south of Grassy Buttte). The local Norwegian community decided to build another church building after the first one became "weathered," and it was built by volunteer labor and funds by the men of the local Norwegian community. The church was the social center of the community as well as the religious center with ice cream socials, performances with local people, and musical events with instruments and singing.</p><br>
<p>As the economy improved and farms became larger and more efficient, fewer people resided in the area surrounding the Golden Valley Church. Eventually, not enough attendees remained to support the church, and so it closed around the late 1960s. The property on which the church stands remained titled in the name of the family who donated its use for the church before 1921. Eventually, the land was purchased by Kit and Barbara Johnson, and after Kit&#39;s death it passed in whole to Barbara. She and her son now independently operate the farm surrounding the church and the church building is largely controlled by the family. An organization has been established to help preserve the church building with support from the Christiansen, Johnson, and Howe families.</p><br>
<p>The church now stands alone on the gently sloping side of Grassy Butte with a beautiful view of the surrounding area. The altar in the church was imported from Norway and, generally, the church is well-preserved. The cemetery located in the back of the church has graves of many original church founder families.</p><br>
<p>The Immanuel Lutheran Church is a historic church in rural Jones County, South Dakota. It is located about 14 mi north of Murdo, at a site that was settled in the early 20th century by an immigrant Norwegian population. It is a simple wood frame structure, with wooden clapboard siding, a gable roof, and a small tower rising in the front  facade. Despite the exterior severity, its interior is more richly appointed, with Gothic Revival woodwork adorning the pews, railings, and pulpit. The church was built by this small Norwegian community in 1924, the congregation having met in less formal settings after its founding in 1907. Use of the church declined beginning in the 1930s; it underwent restoration in the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Ingalls House is a historic house museum at 210 3rd Street Southwest in De Smet, South Dakota. The house was a childhood home to the author Laura Ingalls Wilder.</p><br>
<p>After living in the surveyor&#39;s house in town in 1879-80 and then homsteading for several years, Charles Phillip Ingalls constructed this town house in 1887, and it was occupied by the family until 1928. It features many furnishings crafted by Mr. Ingalls. The Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society purchased the house in 1967 and opened it to the public the next year.</p><br>
<p>The bodies of Charles, Caroline, Mary, Carrie, and Grace Ingalls, and the unnamed infant son of Laura and Almanzo Wilder are buried nearby in the De Smet Cemetery a little over a mile away.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>When the Ingalls lived there, fruit trees filled up the back yard and a vegetable garden was in the adjacent lot. Also a barn and a sand-point pump were in constant use.</p><br>
<p>Edison Park is a park located in Edison Park community of North Side, Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The park became part of the Chicago Park District in 1936. Edison Park&#39;s historic fieldhouse was built in 1907 as a public school. The fieldhouse was designed by Solon Spencer Beman in the Arts and Crafts style. A branch of the Chicago Public Library operated out of the fieldhouse from 1937 to 1960, and the building has also served as a community center.</p><br>
<p>The park contains hawthorn trees planted in the 1930s as well as a historic flagpole. In addition, the park contains a playground added in 1988, and a boulder honoring Thomas Edison dedicated in 1979. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 21, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson-Carlson Building is a historic six-flat apartment building in the West Ridge community area of Chicago, Illinois. George E. Carlson and F. Anderson commissioned the building, which was completed in 1928 and owned by Andersons family for the first 27 years of its existence. The building was designed by Godfrey E. Larson, a Chicago architect who later worked as a field representative for the Public Works Administration. The apartment was built in the Spanish Baroque Revival style, which can be seen in the pilasters and swans-neck pediment in its entryway and the two windows designed to resemble balconies. While many six-flat apartments were constructed in West Ridge and neighboring Rogers Park in the 1920s, the Anderson-Carlson Building is the only one designed in the Spanish Baroque Revival style and one of the few with a highly detailed design. The building has been largely unaltered since its construction; with the exception of one window, every major feature of the building is still present, and five of its six apartments have maintained their original design. On November 15, 2003, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Monte Cresto, at 2,548 m, is the third highest peak of the Province of Biella  after Monte Mars  and Monte Bo .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located on the water divide between the Valle del Lys (Aosta Valley) and the Cervo Valley (Province of Biella).</p><br>
<p>Administratively is divided between the comunes of Issime (Aosta Valley, western faces) and an exclave of the Piedmontese comune of Sagliano Micca (Eastern faces).</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>It can be ascended following the water divide starting from Piedicavallo either from the south, passing through the Colle del Lupo (literally Wolfs pass, 2,342 m) or from the north, passing by Colle della Vecchia (Old Womans pass, 2,185 m).</p><br>
<p>A classical climbing route which reaches the summit starts from Rifugio della Vecchia and is rated PD in the IFAS system.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts</h2><br>
<p>Rifugio della Vecchia (1,872 m)</p><br>
<h3>SOIUSA classification</h3><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=North Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Pennine Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Southern Valsesia Alps</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Alpi Biellesi</p><br>
<p>group=Catena Tre Vescovi - Mars</p><br>
<p>code=II/B-9.IV-A.1</p><br>
<p>The Misquah Hills High Point, or Point 2260 is the unnamed high point of the Misquah Hills and the third highest point in the state of Minnesota. It has 420 feet of clean prominence from its parent, Eagle Mountain, from which it is 5.68 miles isolated.</p><br>
<p>Point 2230 (at 2230 feet) was considered to be the highest point in the Misquah Hills, and indeed in the state of Minnesota, until the region was resurveyed in 1961. This survey not only established that Eagle Mountain was significantly higher than the Misquah Hills, but found additional points higher than Point 2230 within the Misquah Hills themselves. Thus the high point of the Misquah Hills was established as point 2260 (at 2260 feet), located on the east edge of Winchell Lake.</p><br>
<p>Aral-Paygambar , which means the island of the prophet, is an island on the Amu Darya river which separates Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. The nature reserve was created in 1960 on the island of Aral-Paygambar on the Amu Darya river near Termez. The island has 3.1 hectares for conservation of riparian forests and the unique population of Bukhara deer. In all there are 150 species of plants, 21 species of mammals, 143 species of birds, 25 species of reptiles, and c. 35 species of fish. Many rare and endangered species, including large and small Amu Darya shovelnose, golden eagles, black storks, jungle cat, dressing, Asian otters, etc. In recent years, due to the reduction of floods and expansion households. activity in the floodplain degradation the national complex.</p><br>
<p>It is also a military zone due to its proximity to Afghanistan. There is a mausoleum of the Islamic and Biblical prophet Zul-Kifl. The prophet Zul-Kifl is mentioned in the Quran as Dhul-Kifl and the Old Testament as Ezekiel. According to the legend, the prophet had ordered to let his dead body go in a boat and to bury him at a place where the boat would pull in to the shore. But the boat stopped in the middle of the Amu Darya river, near Termez. At this spot an island quickly rose where his body was buried thereafter. The mausoleum was built in the 11th and 12th centuries, and consists of a mosque with its adjoining premises, a burial vault and two commemoration rooms.</p><br>
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<p>Bethel Lutheran Church is a historic church located at Main and Fifth Streets in Faith, South Dakota. The church was built in 1925 by a Norwegian Lutheran congregation that formed in Faith in 1917. While Norwegians were one of the largest immigrant groups in western South Dakota, the church is one of the few remaining Norwegian-American sites in Meade County. The church has a vernacular Gothic design typical of Norwegian Lutheran churches. A bell tower with an octagonal spire rises above the front entrance; the tower has Gothic arched openings on all four sides of the bell. The rest of the church is relatively plain and lacking in Gothic details; its significant features include stained glass windows and a Gothic nave plan.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Immaculate Conception  is a historic church at 918 5th Street in Rapid City, South Dakota. It is now known as the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Marys Church was established in 1881. The cornerstone for its sandstone church building, designed in the Romanesque Revival style, was laid in 1909. It was dedicated in 1911. The Catholic Diocese of Lead was relocated and became the Diocese of Rapid City in 1930. St. Marys Church was renamed the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at that time. The parish soon outgrew the church and it was replaced by the Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in 1962. In time Immaculate Conception became a chapel and has housed a community where Mass is celebrated in Latin since 1992. The church was added to the National Register in 1975.</p><br>
<p>St. Scholastica Catholic Church is a historic church building on the west side of Fourth St., between Wisconsin and State Streets in Letcher, South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>Although the first Catholic services were held as early as 1888, at the Letcher School, the small community was not able to muster the resources to build a church until 1900. This structure, of balloon frame and clapboard construction, is a vernacular example of late Gothic Revival architecture. It was damaged by a tornado in 1924, but repaired and returned to use.</p><br>
<p>St. Scholastica was canonically recognized as a parish from 1913 to 1979; although the cemetery remains active, it is no longer a community of the Diocese of Sioux Falls. The property was converted to a residence and was added to the National Register on June 2, 1994.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Sioux Falls based in Jefferson, South Dakota. Its church building at 400 Main Street was built in 1891 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Since July 2014, St. Peters is pastorally linked with the parishes of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta in Dakota Dunes and St. Josephs in Elk Point in the Yankton deanery, part of a sweeping reorganization of the diocese.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town of Jefferson was settled in 1859, predominantly by French Canadians. Catholic services were held occasionally before the arrival of the first permanent priest, Father Pierre Boucher, in 1867. A small log building to the north of the present church had been used as a schoolhouse and chapel since 1862. Father Boucher was responsible for a pastorate which extended across the Southeastern Dakota Territory, centered on the 25 French-Canadian families in Jefferson. The adjacent churchyard contains a large wooden cross, the replacement for a rude cross erected in May, 1876, when Father Boucher led an eleven-mile pilgrimage, ending in the churchyard at Jefferson, invoking divine aid against the besetting grasshopper plague. Father Boucher died in 1900 in Quebec.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the arrival of Father Boucher, a large wooden church was built and served until 1890, when the current church was erected, during the pastorate of Father Cyrille St. Pierre. In 1889 a school and convent were built and these were replaced by the present parochial school building in 1951.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Charles F. Robinson was the pastor from 1894 until 1924 and he is buried in churchyard.</p><br>
<p>Rangitoto Range is in the Pureora Forest Park in the North Island of New Zealand. Its main peaks are Ranginui , Mt Baldy  and Rangitoto . It has the headwaters of the Waipa, Puniu and Mokau Rivers and forms the eastern boundary of the King Country. Streams on the eastern slopes drain into the Waikato River.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The ranges have the last area of native forest to be opened for logging. After protests and occupations some areas of totara and rewarewa native forests were preserved and logged areas are being restored. Endangered species present include North Island kōkako, kaka, falcon, North Island brown kiwi, blue duck, bats and Hochstetter&#39;s frog.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Range is formed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Manaia Hill Group greywacke (a form of sandstone, with little or no bedding, fine to medium grained, interbedded with siltstone and conglomerate, and with many quartz veins), buried in many places by Quaternary ignimbrites. The main ignimbrite is the Ongatiti Formation, up to 150 m thick of compound, weakly to strongly welded, vitrophyric (phenocrysts embedded in a glassy rock), including pumice-, andesite and rhyolite lavas. The ignimbrite forms round, flat-topped hills, edged by eroding banks, covered in blocks of ignimbrite, where the underlying greywacke has eroded.</p><br>
<p>The Sheridan Plaza Hotel is a historic hotel located at the corner of Wilson Avenue and Sheridan Road in the Uptown neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the hotel began in 1920, and the hotel opened in 1921. The hotel was designed by co-owner Walter Ahlschlager; the brick building features extensive terra cotta ornamentation, including terra cotta gargoyles on some of the top corners. The hotel was the first high-rise building in Uptown. The Chicago Cubs and visiting teams that played the Cubs stayed in the hotel; the building was also a popular site for weddings and dances. After the hotel closed, the building sat vacant and deteriorated significantly, and some of the terra cotta decorations fell off the side of the building. In 2009, a realty group renovated the property, which is now an apartment building.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame de Chicago is a Roman Catholic church in the Near West Side community area of Chicago, Illinois. The church was built from 1889 to 1892, replacing an earlier church built in 1865 at a different site. French Canadian architect Gregoire Vigeant designed the church in the Romanesque Revival style; the design has a heavy French influence which can be seen in its Greek cross layout, its hipped roofs and square domes, and the emphasis on height suggested by its two cupolas and its lantern. Due to the declining size of its original French congregation, the Archdiocese of Chicago gave control of the church to the Fathers of the Blessed Sacrament in 1918. The church hosted the International Eucharistic Congress in 1926.</p><br>
<p>As the successor to the St. Louis Church, the first French church in Chicago, Notre Dame de Chicago represents a significant part of the history of French immigrants in Chicago. The church has been called "the best extant landmark associated with the French in Chicago" and "the only surviving French monument" in the city. Due to its importance to the history of the French community and its architectural significance, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 7, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Chamberlain Bridge, is a historic bridge connecting the towns of Chamberlain and Oacoma across the Missouri River and Lake Francis Case in Brule County, South Dakota. The bridge was originally completed in 1925 and carried USA Route 16  over the Missouri River.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, Lake Francis Case was created by the new Fort Randall Dam and the bridge became obsolete. The Wheeler Bridge, also completed in 1925, was floated up the river 70 mi and the two bridges were joined to span the new lake. The bridge now carries Interstate 90 Business (I-90 Bus.). The main path of I-90 crosses the lake on a modern bridge 1 mi south of the Chamberlain Bridge and a railroad bridge crosses about 300 yd south of I-90.</p><br>
<p>Chamberlain Bridge is designated South Dakota Department of Transportation bridge no. 08-068-084 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>1925 bridge</h2><br>
<p>In 1923 South Dakota&#39;s bridge fund had a balance of $400,000 and groups from Rosebud, Chamberlain, Pierre, Forest City and Mobridge asked the state legislature to fund a bridge in their location to cross the Missouri River. State bridge engineer John Edward Kirkham promised that he could build all five bridges for $2 million, even though a single bridge at Bismarck, North Dakota across the Missouri had recently cost $1.3 million. Kirkham later fulfilled his promise, building all five bridges for a total of $2.1 million.</p><br>
<p>The original Chamberlain Bridge was composed of four 336-foot riveted Pennsylvania through truss spans laid end to end. It was built by the Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Works of Leavenworth, Kansas and completed in September 1925 at an estimated cost of $303,623.</p><br>
<p>The Wheeler Bridge, originally known as the Rosebud Bridge, was composed of six 256-foot pin-connected Pennsylvania through truss spans. It was built by the Kansas City Bridge Company with steel provided by the American Bridge Co. and also completed in September 1925. Its estimated cost was $771,080. This bridge with its pin-connections, was designed to be disassembled because Kirkham thought that it might be replaced with a combined railroad-highway bridge.</p><br>
<h2>1953 bridge</h2><br>
<p>As the waters of Lake Francis Case began to rise in 1953, sections of the Wheeler Bridge were floated northward to construct the new Chamberlain Bridge. The new bridge site was slightly south of the old bridge site and the bridge was in effect widened by using two parallel bridge spans to replace one span on the old bridge. The four spans of the old Chamberlain bridge formed the easternmost two double-spans of the new bridge. The six smaller spans from the Wheeler Bridge formed the westernmost three double-spans of the new bridge. The cost of construction was $4.5 million and the new bridge was dedicated on December 7, 1953.</p><br>
<p>Site AU-154  is an archaeological site in Shenandoah National Park, in Augusta County, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered during the early 1970s as part of a comprehensive survey of the national park. It is one of fifteen sites that the survey found along Paine Run, a group that also includes the Paine Run Rockshelter and the Blackrock Springs Site.</p><br>
<p>Site 44-AU-154 lies on the southern side of Paine Run at the mouth of its hollow, on the edge of the national park and at the foot of the Blue Ridge, thus occupying a transition zone between the Shenandoah Valley and the mountain. It extends from the stream to the base of the mountain, approximately 25 m north to south, while east to west it is four times as long. At the time of its discovery, a Forest Service fire road bisected the site; the northern half was partially occupied by a privately owned house, while the southern half was part of the national park. Approximately 400 m east of the site is a rock outcrop with several rockshelters, including the significant Paine Run Rockshelter.</p><br>
<p>Out of more than 2,000 artifacts discovered in a cursory excavation of the road and roadside sections of the site, more than 98% were locally obtainable jasper and quartzite. Some of the projectile points found at the site were characteristic of the Savannah River and Halifax cultures, allowing the site&#39;s occupation to be dated as occurring between 3000 and 1000 BC. During this time, the site is likely to have been used as a semipermanent base camp for Indians relying either on the mountain resources or the resources of the valley, whether for tool-manufacturing, processing hunted animals, or using plants found nearby. Because AU-154 bears evidence of a wider range of activities than do some of the smaller sites located higher up on Paine Run, it may have been a central point for activities occurring at the single-use higher camps.</p><br>
<p>The site&#39;s archaeological value is so significant that it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 1985, together with the Paine Run shelter and the Blackrock Springs Site.</p><br>
<p>The Blackrock Springs Site  is an archaeological site in Shenandoah National Park, in Augusta County, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered during the early 1970s as part of a comprehensive survey of the national park. It is one of fifteen sites that the survey found along Paine Run, a group that also includes the Paine Run Rockshelter and the unnamed 44-AU-154. Located near the stream&#39;s source at Blackrock Springs, the site measures approximately 150 x, although the survey concluded that it was only about 5 cm deep. It was occupied during an exceptionally long period of time, beginning before 7000 BC and continuing until after 1000 BC; among the earliest artifacts found at Blackrock Springs is a St. Albans-related projectile point, and the most intensive uses appear to date from the middle to late Archaic period. This chronological distribution, together with the uneven physical distribution of artifacts (most were found in several small clusters, rather than being spread evenly around the site) and the nature of the artifacts found (approximately 98% of the three thousand items catalogued were pieces of locally obtained quartzite), led investigators to conclude that millennia of tribesmen in the Shenandoah Valley and the Piedmont used the site as a base camp for occasional hunting and gathering on the mountainside.</p><br>
<p>The Blackrock Springs Site&#39;s archaeological value is so significant that it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 1985, together with the Paine Run shelter and site 44-AU-154.</p><br>
<p>The Cliff Kill Site  is an archaeological site in Shenandoah National Park, in Madison County, Virginia, United States. Its name derives from the discoverers&#39; supposition that it was originally used as a buffalo jump.</p><br>
<p>The site was recorded during the early 1970s as part of a comprehensive survey of the national park. One of several sites in the Big Meadows complex, Cliff Kill lies at the meadow&#39;s eastern side, immediately east of a 10-meter cliff; boulders mark the northern edge, and the headwaters of a small stream form the boundaries to the east and south. The surveyors test excavated the site, discovering that Cliff Kill yielded the fewest artifacts of any site so investigated (seventy-one, versus hundreds or thousands at other sites), and almost half of these items were broken pieces of stone tools whose original purpose could not be identified. Quartzite was the dominant material, being used for more than three-quarters of artifacts. Some pieces of projectile points were identifiable as to their cultural affiliation, including three dating from the middle to late Archaic period and one Woodland point, thousands of years newer than the other three.</p><br>
<p>Given the paucity of artifacts, the appearance of flakes that had been reused for some purpose, and the total absence of evidence for on-site lithic reduction, the surveyors concluded that the site was periodically used as a specialty hunting camp, not as a base camp where daily tasks (such as repairing stone tools) would have been undertaken; if the site indeed were used as a buffalo jump, the animals would have been butchered at the cliff&#39;s base and the meat removed for consumption elsewhere. This supposition prompted the surveyors to choose the name "Cliff Kill" for the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, Cliff Kill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological value.</p><br>
<p>The Gentle Site  is an archaeological site in Shenandoah National Park, in Madison County, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>Recorded during the early 1970s as part of a comprehensive survey of the national park, the Gentle Site is distinctive because of the lithic cores that it yielded, many of which were tiny articles of cryptocrystalline smaller than cores from any other site noted by the survey. Shallower than many of the other sites, just 10 cm deep versus the 20 cm or deeper of other survey-recorded sites, it was nevertheless one of the survey&#39;s largest sites, yielding more than five thousand artifacts over a surface area of approximately 6,000 m&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The site lies near the Big Meadows complex of sites at the headwaters of the Rose River, at the confluence of the juvenile river with a small tributary, Hogcamp Branch; its elevation is approximately 2,200 ft, but it sits just below the saddle of Fisher&#39;s Gap at an elevation of more than 3,000 ft. Its location along the river, near a set of pools and waterfalls, suggest that it might have been used for catching fish such as the brook trout. Previous surveys had recorded the site, due to the numerous artifacts exposed in the surrounding terrain. The 1970s survey recorded early and late dates from a collection of projectile points found beneath the footpath that traverses the site; most were of a form found in Woodland-period sites postdating AD 1300, while the site also yielded a smaller collection resembling points from Early Archaic sites predating 4500 BC. A small collection of pottery, approximately 25 sherds, also was discovered; most of the pieces were of a form known as the Albemarle series. Overall, the stone artifacts found at Gentle were predominately quartzite, with cryptocrystalline and quartz representing most of the remainder. Most of these artifacts were tiny lithic flakes, many so small that they presumably could have been created only by the resharpening of existing blades made elsewhere, although the site also yielded two scrapers, a chopper that had been used as a basic millstone, and a hand drill.</p><br>
<p>The period between occupations, with thousands of years separating the earlier Archaic occupiers and the later Woodland tribesmen, is typical of major Virginia sites discovered in the 1970s, at which time there was a significant gap in the knowledge of the ancient hillmen living within the future state&#39;s borders. The presence of cryptocrystalline found in the Shenandoah Valley but not in the immediate vicinity of the site, together with numerous projectile points, prompted the surveyors to interpret it as a base camp for hunting and gathering in the mountains; apparently by Valley villagers who would have visited it during the summer and autumn.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, Gentle was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological value.</p><br>
<p>The Paine Run Rockshelter  is an archaeological site in Shenandoah National Park, in Augusta County, Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered during the early 1970s as part of a comprehensive survey of the national park. It is one of fifteen sites that the survey found along Paine Run, a group that also includes archaeological site 44-AU-154 and the Blackrock Springs Site. Located in a mountainside hollow, near three other rockshelters, the site is deeply stratified. It is a small shelter, only about 45 m&sup2; in area, and little taller than the average man. The shelter faces northward, toward the narrow floodplain and Paine Run, which flows approximately 15 m away; it sits just east of site 44-AU-154.</p><br>
<p>While other archaeological sites in Paine Run Hollow date primarily from the Archaic period, the rockshelter appears to have been occupied at a period of culture change, as the inhabitants were in the process of transitioning from the use of quartzite to cryptocrystalline for their stone tools. Evidence of occupation persists as late as the fourteenth century AD. The site&#39;s two components yielded eight hundred and fifteen hundred separate artifacts in total; its artifactual density was the highest of any site recorded by the survey, prompting its interpretation as a regional base camp used frequently by larger groups of people. The surveyors readily conducted a test excavation after finding many lithic flakes, pieces of pottery, and projectile points on the surface. The ceramics are dominated by a form known as "Albemarle cord-marked", which represents nearly two-thirds of potsherds found in the shelter. Meanwhile, the shapes of the surviving lithic flakes (small pieces with almost no cores) appears to indicate that toolmaking done in the shelter consisted of refining rough work that had been performed elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The site&#39;s archaeological value is so significant that it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 1985, together with 44-AU-154 and the Blackrock Springs Site.</p><br>
<p>Gran Evangelical Lutheran Church is a historic church in Popple Township, Clearwater County, Minnesota. Gran Church in Clearwater County is situated near the junction of Clearwater County Road 45 and 20 outside Bagley, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The log constructed church was built in 1897 by Ole Eneberg, during a time when that portion of Minnesota was just starting to be settled. Lumber companies were moving into north-central Minnesota to harvest the pine forests there, and homesteaders were following the loggers and establishing farms there. A group of Norwegian immigrants started the area&#39;s first church congregation. They hired Reverend G.P. Nesseth (1867-1937) who was doing missionary work in the area after being educated at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa. Reverend Nesseth and his congregation were members of the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Church services were held in the homes of church members for the first two years until the congregation built this structure between April and July 1897.</p><br>
<p>The congregation continued to worship in the log building until 1953, when they merged with another local congregation and established Our Savior&#39;s Lutheran Church in Ebro, Minnesota. In 1973, the Clearwater County Historical Society placed a plaque on the building recognizing it as "the first church built in Clearwater County". It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Rocky Fork Park Site is an archaeological site in the southeastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located in Rocky Fork State Park in eastern Highland County, the site&#39;s earthworks have been designated a historic site because of their archaeological importance.</p><br>
<p>The site comprises a pair of circular enclosures, one within the other, which sit atop the edge of a hill. Because the tops of the enclosures are level, the western side is barely distinguishable from the adjacent ridgeline, while the eastern side is 11 ft higher than the hillside immediately below it. Both earthworks include "gateways" on their eastern sides, which because of their location on the hillside produce in the observer a sense of being within an amphitheatre.</p><br>
<p>Almost no changes have been made to the site in the historic period; the forest originally covering the site has been removed to permit its use as pastureland, but the field has never been plowed. The earthworks are believed to have been the work of Hopewellian peoples, who lived in the region for the millennium ending around AD 700. While the Hopewell are known to have built many hilltop enclosures, including the large Highland County site known as Fort Hill, the placement of the Rocky Fork Site is unique. Like most Hopewell sites, it is believed to have been built for ceremonial purposes.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Rocky Fork Park Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with a Hopewellian mound group also within Rocky Fork State Park. Both locations qualified for inclusion on the National Register because of their archaeological importance. They are two of four Highland County archaeological sites on the Register, along with Fort Hill and the Workman Works.</p><br>
<p>Church of Sts. Peter and Paul—Catholic is a historic church building on State Street in Gilman, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1930 to serve a Polish-American congregation and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The first church was a log structure in 1872. It was known as the church of St. Wenselaus. Then a new church was built in the 1880s and was a frame structure known as St. Casimirs Church. The old log church was converted into classrooms. A new school building was built in 1909 and is present today. St. Casimirs church was destroyed by fire in 1891. A new and larger frame building was constructed for the new church. This church building stood north of the present brick building. Fr. Vincent Wotzka as pastor had a brick rectory built in 1924. Sometime during these early years, the name of the parish was changed to SS. Peter and Paul. No reason has been found for the change.</p><br>
<p>Clearwater Evangelical Lutheran Church is a rural former place of worship near the Clearwater River in Equality Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota. It served a congregation of Norwegian Americans which organized in 1898 under the name Clearwater Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. Before building the church, they met in homes and log schoolhouses.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the church was dedicated in 1911 and the building was completed 1912 but not wired for electricity until 1949. Norwegian was taught in the church school until 1940 and into the 1950s some worship services were entirely in Norwegian. The church closed in 1988 due to declining membership. Together with the adjacent cemetery, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church is a historic church in Garden City, Minnesota, United States. The town, along the Watonwan River, was originally established in 1856 as Fremont. A Baptist congregation was formed in the community in 1858, and eight years later, the church was formally organized. In 1867, the membership split amidst a disagreement between members who wanted a more aggressive evangelical mission and members who wanted the status quo. One of the groups moved ahead with plans to build a church, contracting for the delivery of logs to a nearby sawmill. The sawmill was unable to receive the logs before winter came, though, and the logs were washed away in spring flooding.</p><br>
<p>The congregation then made plans to build a church from concrete blocks made in the town by the firm of Geist and Hentzelman. This structure is believed to be the earliest in the state built of concrete block or artificial stone. The structure was dedicated on January 17, 1869, and the two groups reunited and used it jointly. It measures 33 ft by 55 ft and was completed at a cost of $4,100.</p><br>
<p>Congregationalists and Presbyterians also held services in this building for a time as a combined congregation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Nora Unitarian Universalist Church, originally called Nora Free Christian Church, is a historic church in Hanska, Minnesota, United States. The congregation was formed by a number of Brown County citizens who dissented from the Norwegian Lutheran community. They found Kristofer Janson, who also had some dissenting opinions from the Lutheran Church of Norway and who was visiting the Midwest on a lecture tour. Janson had previously founded the Free Christian Church of Minneapolis, later known as the Nazareth Church. The organizers of the church in Hanska asked Janson to be their minister, and he came to the area and established the church in January 1882. By the fall of 1882, the congregation had raised enough money to build a church. It was built the next spring and hosted its first service on July 8, 1883. The next weeks service on July 15 would be the last, because the building was demolished by a tornado on July 21. Some critics said it was Gods punishment for a group of dissenters.</p><br>
<p>The church was rebuilt later in 1883, and it was dedicated on July 13, 1884. Janson spent his summers at the church in Hanska and spent his winters in Minneapolis, and he called the Nora church a refuge from city life and a "paradise".</p><br>
<p>Janson returned to Norway in 1893 and continued his ministry there, but he continued to correspond with his former congregation until he died in 1917. The successor pastor, Amandus Norman, served until 1931, and the church has continued to grow and flourish since then. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Hubertus is a historic church in Chanhassen, Minnesota, United States, built in 1887. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of "community planning and development" and "exploration/settlement". It was nominated for symbolizing the Franciscan brotherhood that platted and grew the German Catholic settlement that became Chanhassen.</p><br>
<p>The town itself was first named St. Hubertus before it became Chanhassen. The congregation was established by Father Aloysius Wewer in 1877. The 1887 building was actually the third building used by the congregation. It was built by John Geiser (1812–1902), who also carved the altar and built about 30 other churches in his lifetime. The parish built its fourth church building in 1976, then built its present building in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Laurel Historic District is a national historic district located at Laurel, Sussex County, Delaware. The district includes 701 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, 4 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Laurel. It includes residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings dated from the late-18th century to the 1930s. The residential buildings are mostly frame structures in the "I-house" plan. Most commercial buildings re brick structure and date to the early-20th century. Notable non-residential buildings include the Dashiell Building, Sussex Trust Building, Mellon Bank Building, Laurel Railroad Station , firehouse , the original water company building, more recent town water buildings, USA Post Office , Centenary Methodist Church, St. Phillip&#39;s Episcopal Church the Methodist Protestant Church, and the I.O.O.F. Meeting Hall.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station Boathouse is a boathouse located at 9282 Marina Road in Eagle Harbor, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Life-Saving Station at Eagle Harbor was constructed in the period 1910-1912 by the United States Life-Saving Service. The original station complex included the station building with a hip-roof watch tower at the corner and a two-bay boathouse that probably was located where the present structure is. Other buildings and structures have been added tp the complex over the years. In 1915, the Life-Saving Service was combined with the United States Revenue Cutter Service to create the United States Coast Guard, and the name of the Eagle Harbor Life-Saving Station was changed to the Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station. In 1938 the original boathouse was replaced with the current structure. The station remained in service until 1950. Several structures were moved across Eagle Harbor to the grounds of the Eagle Harbor Light. The 1938 boathouse is the only original structure remaining on site.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station Boathouse is currently operated by the Keweenaw County Historical Society as the Eagle Harbor Life-Saving Station.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station Boathouse is a rectangular, one-story structure on a poured concrete foundation measuring 58 feet by 44 feet. The building has a hip roof clad in what may be original cedar shingles, and walls covered with wide exposure wood weatherboard siding. The building has three boat bays facing what was once a nearby former boat slip. There is a chimney on one side and small gabled dormers with round-head double-hung colonial windows in the roof on all the other elevations. There are five roll-up panel doors, two on the north elevation and three on the south elevation, and double-hung six-over-six windows with wooden shutters.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building contains one large open space, with concrete flooring gently sloping toward one end. The Keweenaw County Historical Society has filled the interior with displays of Life-Saving Service and Coast Guard artifacts, including rescue boats and equipment of the types used at this station.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station Boathouse B.jpgSide elevation</p><br>
<p>Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station Boathouse C.jpgWater side</p><br>
<p>Eagle Harbor Coast Guard Station Boathouse D.jpgSite in harbor</p><br>
<p>The Ballard Road Covered Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge in the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Built in the late nineteenth century and since bypassed, the bridge has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Following a design by H.E. Hebble, Built of wood with iron elements on abutments of limestone and covered with a metal roof, the single-span bridge is covered with vertical siding and retains the original square shape of its portals. Much of Greene County is underlain by high-quality limestone (the McDonald Farm near Xenia supplied limestone for the Washington Monument) and from this limestone the bridge&#39;s abutments were taken; it appears that the quarries for the abutments were located elsewhere in the surrounding New Jasper Township.</p><br>
<p>Although the Ballard Road Bridge remains in its original rural setting, its surroundings are no longer as quiet as originally; USA Route 35 has been constructed as a controlled-access highway immediately to the south, By the 1970s, it was one of just eighteen Howe truss covered bridges remaining in Ohio, although thousands of bridges were built to this design in the 19th century throughout the United States. As such, it was deemed historically significant enough to qualify to be added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Ballard Road Bridge is one of five covered bridges in Greene County, and the only one open to road traffic.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas Marnach House is the restored home of a Luxembourgian pioneer family in Whitewater Township, Minnesota, United States, built 1857–1860. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement. It was nominated as Southeast Minnesotas oldest surviving example of the traditional European construction occasionally produced by the regions Germanic immigrants. The house is about 3 mi north of Elba, Minnesota, within the Whitewater Wildlife Management Area, a state wildlife preserve adjacent to Whitewater State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nicholas Marnach House is a rectangular, two-story building with a rear lean-to set into a hillside. There is an attic under a half-hip roof, and a partial basement under the east half of the house. The walls are constructed of randomly laid limestone covered by thick stucco, and are up to 3 ft thick. It has three rooms on each floor, each room having a large square window facing south. Narrow staircases provide access between the floors. The attic has smaller windows on either gable, and a layer of concrete poured over the plank flooring as a form of fireproofing. The style includes design features in use since medieval times, such as the mortise and tenon timber framing, massive stone walls, stucco façade, square windows, and half-hip roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John and Mary Marnach, with their son Nicholas, were immigrants from the commune of Rambrouch in Luxembourg. Many of their countrymen had settled in the communities of Elba and Rollingstone in Winona County. Most of the settlers built simple, subsistence-style residences, but the Marnachs opted to employ construction methods hearkening back to medieval Germany. Farmers and stonemasons by trade, they constructed a home for themselves in four stages from 1857 to 1860. The house stood on a stagecoach road between Minneiska and Plainview, Minnesota. It was part of the now-abandoned townsite of Whitewater Falls. A wooden lean-to was added to the rear of the house in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The house remained occupied for several decades, but by the mid-20th century it stood vacant. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in January 1978. Descendants of the area&#39;s settlers spearheaded an international effort to preserve the deteriorating house, gaining the assistance of the Luxembourg government and donations collected by Luxembourg schoolchildren. From 1991 to 1993 craftsmen from Luxembourg worked with local volunteers to restore the Marnach House, replacing the roof, doors, windows, and shutters, reconstructing much of the west wall, replastering the interior, and installing new flooring. On August 12, 1993 the restored house was dedicated in a ceremony that included former Luxembourg prime minister Pierre Werner.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Nicholas Marnach House is the only fieldstone farmhouse of its size and type in Southeast Minnesota. It is also the oldest known surviving example of traditional European construction among the regions pioneer architecture. It is both a testament to the areas Germanic immigrants and a rare vision of northern European architecture transposed to a similar environment in the New World.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Nicholas Marnach House stands on public land in a state wildlife area, and can be reached by foot year-round. Occasional public events provide wagon or sleigh rides to the house, and guided tours of the interior.</p><br>
<p>The J. C. Adams Stone Barn is a historic Romanesque Revival barn constructed of stone and wood located about 1 mi northeast of the town of Sun River, Montana, in the United States. It is just south of USA Route 89. It is the only Romanesque Revival stone barn in the United States located west of the Mississippi River. Chere Jiusto, Christine Brown, and Tom Ferris of the Montana Historical Society have described the Adams Stone Barn as "one of Montana&#39;s most-beloved and best-known landmark barns." The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History of the barn</h2><br>
<h3>J.C. Adams and construction of the barn</h3><br>
<p>James Calvin Adams was born in Morgan County, Kentucky, on December 11, 1846 to Lott William and Rebecca May Adams. He spent his childhood working on his family&#39;s farm. He was the third of eight children, and the oldest boy. His mother died in 1856 at the age of 32. His father died in Bates County, Missouri, in 1861 at the age of 44, leaving Adams orphaned. After being imprisoned at the age of 16 during the American Civil War, he was released and settled in the Montana Territory in 1863 (traveling up the Missouri River by steamboat). He spent several years working for the Diamond R. Wagon Co. hauling supplies from Fort Benton to Walla Walla via the Mullan Road. In December 1874, he moved to Sun River, Montana, where he established the Sun River Ranch. He raised cattle, horses, and sheep, which he sold to the United States Army at nearby Fort Shaw. He opened stores in Sun River and in Augusta, Montana, and by 1882 was one of the wealthiest landowners in the area.</p><br>
<p>Adams began construction of the stone barn in 1882. He hired two Swedish immigrant stonemasons to help construct it. William Bruce, a Canadian immigrant, was hired as the construction foreman. and shipped by steamboat to nearby Fort Benton. When completed after nearly three years, the nearby Sun River Press newspaper called it the "Marvel of Montana." To celebrate the barns completion, Adams held a roller skating party on the barns second floor.</p><br>
<p>The main section of the barn was used by Adams to house cattle. The west wing contained several horse stalls, and was also used to house the horse tack. The east wing was used as a garage for storing wagons, and contained a cooled room for holding dressed meat. The second floor was used to store hay. But dances were also held there, and it sometimes functioned as housing for passengers on the local stagecoach route. Two of Adams workers, Robert Swain and Samuel Gilmour, founded Gilmour and Swains Buggy and Carriage Repair and Corrective Shoeing in the barn in 1885. (The business still existed as of 2012 as Swains Spring Service.)</p><br>
<p>Fort Shaw closed in 1890. But until then, the forts soldiers often held roller skating parties as well as formal functions in the barns second floor. The barn&#39;s large meat locker also often stored meat for the fort.</p><br>
<h3>20th century ownership changes</h3><br>
<p>Adams died in 1913. His widow, who had nine children to support, was unable to pay the taxes on the farm. Fred A. Woehner, owner of the Great Falls Drug Co. (a small chain of pharmacies in the area), acquired the ranch in a tax sale in 1920 and used it as a home. Woehner died, and in 1939 C.A. Christensen (whose family owned a ranch next to the Adams property) purchased the ranch from his estate. The Christensen family used the barn to house cattle for their dairy. The Christensen family sold the ranch to Great Falls lumber yard and hardware store owner Harold Poulsen in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The same year that Poulsen bought the old Adams ranch and its stone barn, Mike and Teresa Stuckslager began researching the history of the barn. Mike Stuckslager was a former graphic and advertising design artist for the Chicago Tribune newspaper who quit to be the editor of two historic gun-collecting magazines. Teresa Stuckslager was a writer of commercials for radio and television. The Stuckslagers moved to Montana in early 1973, and quickly discovered the Adams Stone Barn. Over the next six years, the Stuckslagers researched the history of the barn, documented the genealogy of the Adams family, and established the historic nature of the structure.</p><br>
<p>By 1979, the stone barn was in poor condition. The sandstone front wall was leaning forward by about 2 ft, most of the windows lacked glass, and the life-size horse weathervane had lost its ears and tail to lightning. The roof was collapsing, most of the shingles were gone, and the ventilators had collapsed. The local newspaper, the Great Falls Tribune, said the structure was close to "near-certain collapse".</p><br>
<p>Stuckslager nominated the barn for placement on the National Register of Historic Places, to which it was added in 1979. The Stuckslagers approached Poulsen about restoration efforts. Poulsen agreed the barn needed conserving, and that same year established a nonprofit organization, the Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co., to take ownership of the barn and the immediate land it stood on. (The nonprofit was named after a town that J.C. Adams planned to found near his ranch, but never did.) Poulsen received a $79,000 tax credit for donating the barn to the nonprofit.</p><br>
<h3>Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. and the restoration of the barn</h3><br>
<p>Ownership of the Adams Stone Barn by Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. made the structure eligible for preservation grants from the United States Department of the Interior. The nonprofit received a $79,000 preservation grant in 1980 that greatly improved its structural integrity. The roof was restored, new glass windows installed, and the second floor reinforced to prevent its collapse. The front sandstone wall was set upright, and all the walls strengthened against collapse. Much of the preservation work was performed by local volunteers. Another $31,000 was raised locally to finish the restoration work in 1981. The rededication of the Adams Stone Barn in August 1981 was attended by Montana Governor Ted Schwinden and Alma Adams Morgan, the 101-year-old surviving child of J.C. Adams.</p><br>
<p>At some point between 1981 and 2002, Stuckslager installed an underground electrical power line that allowed the barn to have electric lighting and power. But no electric wiring inside the barn was installed, and the power never turned on.</p><br>
<h3>Sun River Valley Historical Society ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 2004, the board of directors of the Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. voted to dissolve and sell the Adams Stone Barn. Teresa Osborne Stuckslager died in October 1994, and Mike Stuckslager married Jennifer Elaine Bobo in 1996. Mike Stuckslager died of heart disease in May 2003. Jennifer Stuckslager later remarried and had two children. Jennifer Stuckslager Stetson and her parents, Thomas and Melinda Bobo, served as the sole board members for the Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. But with a young family, Stetson no longer could devote the time needed to maintain the foundation. The Adams Stone Barn was put up for sale after the nonprofit received no "serious offers" from private individuals to buy it, with a price of $150,000 to $300,000. Three of the four houses adjacent to the stone barn were also listed for sale, although not part of the stone barn property. She said any proceeds from the barn&#39;s sale would be donated to charity, although Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co.was still determining whether any grants had to be repaid.</p><br>
<p>The sale was put on hold, however, after the Montana State Attorney General&#39;s office information Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. that a nonprofit could not sell its assets but had to transfer them to another nonprofit. In May 2005, the press reported that another local nonprofit, the Sun River Valley Historical Society had signed a letter of intent to receive title to the Adams Stone Barn as a gift from the Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the 2005 ownership transfer, the structure needed additional renovation. Many of the wooden window frames were rotting, the roof needed repairing, the building had been vandalized, and the structure was suffering from extremes of heat and cold (since it lacked heating). Additionally, the building had little land around it to prevent encroachment. Although the building had a 100 ft right-of-way from the local dirt access road to the front entrance, it lacked easements on the other three sides of the structure.</p><br>
<p>By February 2007, the Sun River Valley Historical Society had reorganized the Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. Warren Harding of the Sun River Valley Historical Society was named the acting chairman of the board, and a new board was being formed. A for-profit unit, the J.C. Adams Stone Barn Co., was organized to promote the Adams Stone Barn has an event venue, with the goal of raising additional funds for the barn. In November 2007, the Montana Historic Preservation Office awarded a $10,000 grant to the reorganized Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. The grant was used for replacing broken windows, repairing rotting and damaged wooden window frames, and for emergency repairs to the roof. The nonprofit said that, despite the repairs, the building was quite structurally sound. The organization also began searching for ways to keep the building in use throughout the year, both to prevent vandalism and to raise money for the structure&#39;s continuing preservation. Among the ideas being considered were returning the structure to use as a horse stable, allowing a business to occupy a portion of the structure, turning the barn into a wedding venue, allowing a restaurant to operate in it, or using it as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Further renovation occurred in May 2008. The reorganized Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. received a $10,000 preservation grant from the state and a $5,000 preservation grant from Cascade County as well as $6,000 in donations from local citizens which allowed the roof of the Adams Stone Barn to be replaced. Dick Olson Construction removed the old roof and replaced it with a new one at a cost of $24,500. Another $800 in electrical work permitted the power to be turned on inside the barn. Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. said it would engage in another fundraising effort to replace all the windows in the structure. The nonprofit said, however, that heating the barn was impractical.</p><br>
<p>By July 2008, no use for the building had been determined. Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. board members, however, said the ideal use would be agricultural.</p><br>
<p>The nonprofit said in 2009 that the northeast corner of the structure was settling. The state awarded a Rural Property Brick and Mortar Grant to Dracut Junction Stone Barn Co. to help repair this problem.</p><br>
<h2>About the barn</h2><br>
<p>Although the architect of the barn is not known, the style is primarily Romanesque Revival. It also exhibits design elements similar to those of barns raised by some of the wealthiest landowners and horse breeders in mid-1900s Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The barn is 140 ft long and 40 ft wide. It consists of a central building about 70 ft long, with matching wings whose facades thrust slightly forward and back from the main building. The roof features gables and three ventilators, situated centrally over the main building and each wing. The central ventilator is roughly three times the height of the wing ventilators, and is topped by a lifesized iron-reinforced wooden horse weathervane. Romanesque arched doorways centrally pierce the main building and each wing. Double-doored hayloft access ports are located above each arched doorway. While most barns have only ladder access to the hayloft, the Adams Stone Barn features a formal staircase because it was intended to serve as much as a public meeting space as a storage area.</p><br>
<p>The front facade is constructed of sandstone quarried from nearby sites and cut by hand on-site. The end walls are made of cement and rubble stone, while the rear wall is wood. The second floor is finished with long strips of hardwood. The roof was covered in hand-cut cedar shingles.</p><br>
<p>By 2008, the original horse weathervane was too fragile to remain atop the Adams Stone Barn. It was removed and placed on display inside the barn, and a replica installed atop the central ventilator.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The J.C. Adams Stone Barn has been featured in several books about historic structures and historic barns. These include:</p><br>
<p>Big Sky Barns by Chuck Haney (2006). The book discusses 10 of the state&#39;s most important historic barns, including the Adams Stone Barn.</p><br>
<p>A Pictorial History of the Sun River Valley, Volume 2, by the Sun River Valley Historical Society (forthcoming). This forthcoming book (announced in December 2010) is a follow-up to the 1989 book of the same name. While the first volume focused on Fort Shaw, the Mullan Road, and railroads, the second volume will focus more on local people, structures, and events. The Sun River Valley Historical Society, which is compiling the book, said it will explicitly discuss the Adams Stone Barn.</p><br>
<p>Hand Raised: The Barns of Montana by Chere Jiusto, Christine Brown, and Tim Ferris (2011). This oversize picture book by two staff members and a photographer with the Montana Historical Society depicts and discusses the history of 140 of the most architecturally important barns in Montana.</p><br>
<p>The Henry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library, also called the Legler Library, the Legler Regional Library, or the Legler Branch, is a branch of the Chicago Public Library located at 115 S. Pulaski Road in the West Garfield Park community area of Chicago, Illinois. The library was built in 1919 and opened on October 11, 1920; it was the first regional library in Chicago. Chicago architect Alfred S. Alschuler designed the building in the Beaux Arts style. A Works Progress Administration mural in the library depicts Jacques Marquette and Native American traders during Marquette&#39;s visit to the Chicago area.</p><br>
<p>The Legler Library originally served an affluent Jewish community. However, as the demographics of West Garfield Park shifted, it ultimately came to serve a poor and underprivileged African-American population. The Chicago Public Library removed the Legler Library&#39;s status as a regional library in 1977, at a time when circulation was dropping at the library. The branch was rededicated in 1993 following a renovation.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 6, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Christiania Lutheran Free Church  is a historic church in Eureka Township, Minnesota, United States. The church is located at 26690 Highview Avenue approximately 9 miles southwest of Farmington, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s, a group of Norwegian immigrant first arrived in Eureka township. A Norwegian language Lutheran congregation was formally organized in 1860. Their church was first known as the Norwegian-Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in Christiana Settlement. The carpenter Gothic church was built under the direction of Hans Berg Larsen between 1877-78. It located on the site of the congregation&#39;s original 1865 log church. The church was dedicated in 1878. It is one of the oldest church buildings in continuous use in the state of Minnesota. Christiania Lutheran Free Church has been known as the Highview Christiania Lutheran Church since 1966. The church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Good Shepherd Episcopal is a historic church at Moore and 8th Streets in Blue Earth, Minnesota. The city of Blue Earth was established in 1856, and although most of its early settlers were Methodists, Episcopalians and Presbyterians also arrived in the city. The first Episcopal service in the city was held in the Presbyterian church in town on December 10, 1867. In 1870, Bishop Henry Whipple asked the Reverend Solomon Stephens Burleson to visit the city and consider serving the Episcopal community as its resident pastor. Whipple and Burleson returned in 1871, and Whipple offered the parish $3000 for construction of a church if the parish would pay for the rectory. The parish accepted the offer, and Burleson moved from his parish in Northfield to establish the church. Burleson designed the building himself. It has a rectangular shape, with a steeply-pitched roof. A tower topped with a shingled steeple is located on one side of the building. Construction was completed on March 21, 1872, and Whipple returned to consecrate the building on August 13, 1872.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register in 1980. In 1982, the three remaining members of the congregation donated the building to the Faribault County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Lenora Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church in Lenora, Minnesota, United States, an unincorporated community in Canton Township, Fillmore County. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Minnesota conference of Methodism was organized in 1845, well before Minnesota became a territory in 1849. The Reverend Benjamin Crist started visiting the Lenora area as a missionary on a circuit between Chatfield and Brownsville in 1854. In 1856 Elder John L. Dyer officially organized the congregation. He donated 40 acre of land and began construction of a stone building, financed by the sale of lots in the town of Lenora. The Panic of 1857 thwarted the development of the area, though, and many pioneer families moved back east. Dyer left the community and moved to Colorado, where he acquired the nickname "Snowshoe Preacher".</p><br>
<p>Construction on the church was stalled for the next eight years, with half-completed stone walls. In 1865 the area was seeing financial prosperity again, and a stonemason used material from the large uncompleted church to finish building it as a smaller structure. The church was opened in 1866 and dedicated by the Reverend Daniel Cobb. The area never really prospered, though, since the railroad bypassed Lenora. In the late 1920s, the Lenora church was closed as an active congregation.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The church building has been preserved by a congregation in Newburg. It is now known as the Lenora United Methodist Pioneer Center, and is open for occasional church services, special events, and concerts. It appears much like it did in its pioneer days, with no electricity. Lighting is provided by two oil-fueled chandeliers and oil lamps in wall sconces. Heat is provided by a wood stove, and a reed pump organ and the original wooden pews are still in place.</p><br>
<p>Lake Gross is an oval-shaped lake. The Polk County Water Atlas says it is sometimes known as Lake Grassy or Lake Grass, but no other sources have used these names. Lake Gross is a natural freshwater lake with an 86.57 acre surface area. It is about 2,000 ft southeast of Lake Eloise and about 1,200 ft southwest of Lake Winterset. This lake is on the south fringe of Winter Haven, Florida. On the north Lake Gross is bordered by a small mobile home/RV park and on the west it is bordered by another such park, although this one is much larger. On the northeast, east and south, Lake Gross is bordered by pasture. About 200 ft north of the lake is Eloise Loop Road.</p><br>
<p>There is no public access to Lake Gross, as its shores nowhere border public property. It has only private boat docks and no swimming areas. Although there is nowhere for the fishing public to access the lake, the Hook and Bullet website says Lake Gross contains largemouth bass, bluegill and crappie.</p><br>
<p>The Buzza Company Building in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, is a building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. The building was originally built in 1907 for the Self-Threading Needle Company. It was built by the Brayton Engineering Company at a cost of $55,000. In 1923 the Buzza Company, a maker of greeting cards, acquired the building. George Buzza remarked, "No sooner had we acquired our new building than we promptly outgrew it." The company built a $200,000 addition along Colfax Avenue, designed by local architects Magney & Tusler. They later built another addition, a five-story structure with a tower saying "BUZZA", at a cost of $150,000. The building was used as Buzza&#39;s greeting card design studio from 1923 through 1942, at which point declining sales forced the liquidation of the firm. It was then used by Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company for World War II production.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford House is a building in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its importance as the primary residence for 36 years of James Harvey Crawford, the Father of Steamboat Springs, and his wife, Margaret Emerine  Crawford, the Mother of Routt County. The two of them together were among the most influential pioneering families in northwest Colorado. The Crawford House is also listed as a rare local example of residential Romanesque Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Crawford House was begun in 1893 by mason Charles Briggs. The stone initially came from Woodchuck Hill, but when a soft spot was encountered the rest of the stone came from the quarry at the southern end of Blackmer Drive on Emerald Mountain. 5,000 stones were used to build the Crawford House, but only 1675 are visible from the outside. There is a double wall of stones 18” thick with a 2” gap between the outer, decorative wall and the inner structural wall. There is also a foundation of stones starting seven feet underground. The house was also built with wood from local sawmills and brick from the local brickyard. Only small amounts of materials, such as the carved front door, were shipped from Denver.</p><br>
<p>With its use of stone for the first two stories of the house and a semi-circular arch over the front door opening, the Crawford House is a rare local example of Romanesque Revival residential architecture. The style was more commonly used in churches and large institutional buildings during the latter half of the 19th century, but was seldom used in residences. The house is also an example of the Foursquare style, displaying a simple square plan with 2 1/2 stories, hipped roof, large central dormer, roof overhang, and unadorned exterior. The Colonial Revival-style porch was added sometime in the 1910s and became a favorite spot for the Crawfords to sit and chat.</p><br>
<h2>James and Margaret Crawford</h2><br>
<p>The Crawford House was the primary residence of James Harvey Crawford, the "Father of Steamboat Springs", and his wife, Margaret Emerine (Bourn) Crawford, the "Mother of Routt County." James first saw the Yampa River in the Spring of 1874. He staked his 160 acre homestead claim centered around the Steamboat Spring. In 1876, the Crawford family with their three small children built a cabin near the present intersection of 12th and Lincoln and became the first permanent settlers in the area. The Crawford cabin became the center of a growing community. It was the first post office, newspaper office, school, church, and library. The Governor appointed James as the first County Judge (1877), the first Postmaster (1878), and the first School Superintendent (1879). He was twice elected to represent Routt County in the Colorado legislature (1879 and 1887), and once elected as County Judge (1883). In 1884 Margaret helped organize the non-denominational Union Church that was the first church building in the county. Also in 1884, James organized the Steamboat Springs Town Company with financial backing of investors from Boulder. The company laid out the town, sold lots, built a bathhouse, and promoted the town. When incorporated in 1900, James was the first mayor of Steamboat Springs. James supported the family by raising several hundred head of cattle and horses, the first stockman in Steamboat Springs. He also discovered a large coal deposit leading to the Elkhead Anthracite Coal Company, and the largest onyx mine in Colorado, leading to the Colorado Onyx Company. Throughout their lives, the Crawfords welcomed one and all to visit and spend the night, and their homes were always the social hub of the community. They lived in this house over 40 years: James died in 1930 and Margaret in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 7, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Monte Troodelöh is the highest point in the municipal area of the city of Cologne. It lies in the Rath/Heumar district, approximately 1,250 metres south of the A4 at Wolfsweg between the intersection of Pionier-Hütten-Weg and the Brück-Forsbacher Weg.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It lies on rising ground in the middle of Königsforst at a height of 118 metres above sea level. Above the Wolfsweg there is a prominence which is 130 metres higher, but this point is on the far side of Cologne&#39;s city boundary and is officially a part of Bergisch Gladbach.</p><br>
<p>As recently as 1999, Monte Troodelöh was largely unknown. Today it is a destination on many suggested hiking routes and is considered a tourist attraction. This in spite of the fact that the spot offers neither an attractive view nor any rest-stops or amenities.</p><br>
<p>Holden Lutheran Church Parsonage is a historic church parsonage at Kenyon in Wanamingo Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota. The building is located on the north side of Goodhue County Highway 8. The building was added to the National Register in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The house was built circa 1861 as the parsonage for Holden Lutheran Church. With successive enlargements and alterations, it was the residence of Reverend Bernt Julius Muus, who served as the first resident pastor of the congregation until 1899. In 1869, Rev. Muus founded the Holden Academy in the parsonage as an institution of higher religious education. He served as principal of the academy until 1874. The distance from a rail line compelled him to encourage the founding of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. Rev. Muus was also bishop of the Minnesota District of the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America which he served until shortly before his death in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Lutheran Church is a historic church in Hay Creek Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota, Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, near the city of Red Wing. The congregation was organized in 1858 by German Lutheran families who had settled in Flower Valley. Their first pastor, William Wier, came to administer the sacrament twice a year through the summer of 1861. The first church building was a three-room building completed around 1862. A number of German Lutherans in the southern part of the township wanted to join the Immanuel congregation, so the congregation established a northern district and a southern district. This arrangement continued for a while until the building in Flower Valley was moved to the current location in Hay Creek in 1868. The land in Hay Creek consisted of two acres donated by a Mr. W. Plote.</p><br>
<p>The congregation grew steadily through the 1870s and 1880s. In 1893, the congregation began discussing whether they should build a new church or repair the existing structure. On February 23, 1897, the members voted to build a new church. Peter Tubesing of Red Wing proposed a floor plan, and the members initially decided to build a brick church with a cost not exceeding $4000. The voting members of the congregation later decided on April 1 to build a wood-frame church, after reviewing the costs of construction. They also decided to build the church with a balcony, an alcove room next to the altar, colored glass in the windows, and with a furnace for heating. The foundation wall was started on April 20, and the cornerstone was laid on May 16. The cornerstone ceremony attracted nearly 600 people from Goodhue, Belvidere, Frontenac, and Red Wing. The church was dedicated on November 7, 1897, with nearly 1000 visitors attending.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a symbol of regional German American settlement, Southeast Minnesota&#39;s third-largest immigrant group after Swedes and Norwegians.</p><br>
<p>The church is part of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.</p><br>
